How to read Kanji

Explanation of Kanji Readings

Kanji readings are categorized into two main types: on’yomi (音読み) and kun’yomi (訓読み). Each type is used in different contexts, based on the origin and application of the kanji. Here’s a detailed explanation of each.

1. On’yomi (音読み)

On’yomi is the reading derived from the original Chinese pronunciation of the kanji when it was imported into Japan. It’s primarily used when kanji appear in compounds (jukugo), where two or more kanji combine to create a new meaning.

• Examples: 学校 (gakkou, “school”), 電話 (denwa, “telephone”), 自然 (shizen, “nature”)
• On’yomi is typically used in compound words, where the meaning often differs from the equivalent in native Japanese vocabulary.

On’yomi readings can vary based on when and where they were introduced from China. There are different types, such as Go-on (呉音), Kan-on (漢音), and Tō-on (唐音). For example, the kanji 行 has two on’yomi readings: "kou" (Kan-on) and "gyou" (Go-on).

2. Kun’yomi (訓読み)

Kun’yomi is the native Japanese reading, developed by applying Japanese meanings and pronunciations to the kanji. This reading is used mainly when kanji appear individually or are combined with native Japanese words.

• Examples: 山 (yama, “mountain”), 川 (kawa, “river”), 読む (yomu, “to read”)
• Kun’yomi is often used when a single kanji stands alone or when it’s used as a verb or adjective in native Japanese words.

A single kanji may have multiple kun’yomi depending on the context or nuance. For instance, the kanji 生 has several kun’yomi, such as "ikiru" (to live), "umu" (to give birth), and "nama" (raw).

Special Readings

Some kanji also have unique readings beyond the standard on’yomi and kun’yomi, often limited to specific compounds or names.

• Jūbako and Yutō Readings: These involve combinations where one kanji is read with on’yomi and the other with kun’yomi.
  • Examples: 重箱 (jūbako, “tiered food box,” on-kun reading), 湯桶 (yutō, “hot water bucket,” kun-on reading)
• Ateji and Jukujikun: These are kanji readings based on matching the meaning or sound of a Japanese word, rather than the standard readings. This technique creates unique readings that differ from typical on’yomi and kun’yomi.
  • Examples: 寿司 (sushi), 昨日 (kinou, “yesterday”)

Summary

• On’yomi is primarily used in compounds and originates from Chinese pronunciation.
• Kun’yomi is based on native Japanese meanings and is often used for individual kanji or native Japanese words.
• Special readings include jūbako/yutō readings, ateji, and jukujikun.

Kanji readings are complex, but these distinctions enable the richness and nuance of the Japanese language.